Fishery arts is a major were we can learn how to culture sea creators and earn money as well. it teaches as how to properly culture sea creators on a dissered dike. One of the most common sea creators being cultured is Bangus (Milk Fish). Mariculture, commonly known as culture of fish in a cage or a pen and a component industry of aquaculture. Bangus or milk fish products from mariculture has outweighed the Bangus produced in fishponds for various reasons. The taste of bangus from mariculture is comparable to commercial fish catch and the kind and size of harvests are standardized and predetermined in mariculture, which are right for export. On the other hand, the species and sizes of commercial or municipal fish catch vary a lot.
Agricultural education is instruction about crop production, livestock management, soil and water conservation, and various other aspects of agriculture. Agricultural education includes instruction in food education, such as nutrition. Agricultural and food education improves the quality of life for all people by helping farmers increase production, conserve resources, and provide nutritious foods. Bokashi is a method of intensive composting. It can use an aerobic or anaerobic inoculation to produce the compost. Once a starter culture is made, it can be used to extend the culture indefinitely, like yogurt culture. Since the popular introduction of effective microorganisms (EM), Bokashi is commonly made with only molasses, water, EM, and wheat bran. Molasses is a viscous byproduct of the processing of sugar cane or sugar beets into sugar. The word molasses comes from the Portuguese word melaço, which ultimately comes from mel, the Latin word for "honey". The quality of molasses depends on the maturity of the sugar cane or sugar beet, the amount of sugar extracted, and the method of extraction. Sweet sorghum syrup is known in some parts of the
Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food to stop or greatly slow down spoilage (loss of quality, edibility or nutritive value) caused or accelerated by micro-organisms. Some methods, however, use benign bacteria, yeasts or fungi to add specific qualities and to preserve food (e.g., cheese, wine). Maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavor is important in preserving its value as food. This is culturally dependent, as what qualifies as food fit for 
humans in one culture may not qualify in another culture. These are the ways of preserving; Drying, Freezing, Vacuum packing, Salt, Sugar, Pickling, Lye, Canning and bottling, Jellying, Potting, Jugging, and Irradiation.
Canning involves cooking food, sealing it in sterile cans or jars, and boiling the containers to kill or weaken any remaining bacteria as a form of sterilization. It was invented by Nicolas Appert. Foods have varying degrees of natural protection against spoilage and may require that the final step occur in a pressure cooker. High-acid fruits like strawberries require no preservatives to can and only a short boiling cycle, whereas marginal fruits such as tomatoes require longer boiling and addition of other acidic elements. Low acid foods, such as vegetables and meats require pressure canning. Food preserved by canning or bottling is at immediate risk of spoilage once the can or bottle has been opened.
Lack of quality control in the canning process may allow ingress of water or micro-organisms. Most such failures are rapidly detected as decomposition within the can causes gas production and the can will swell or burst. However, there have been examples of poor manufacture (under processing) and poor hygiene allowing contamination of canned food by the obligate anaerobe Clostridium botulinum, which produces an acute toxin within the food, leading to severe illness or death. This organism produces no gas or obvious taste and remains undetected by taste or smell. Its toxin is denatured by cooking, though. Cooked mushrooms, handled poorly and then canned, can support the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, which produces a toxin that is not destroyed by canning or subsequent reheating.
The roofing that you have on your house will depend on the area in which your house is located. If, for example, you happen to live in a southern state where it is warm all of the time, you will want to have clay or slate tiles for your roof. These hold up much better in hot weather and can take a beating from storms much better than ordinary shingles.
Slate roofs are among the best types of roofs to have and usually end up costing quite a bit of money, but they do make a dramatic difference in your home. You can choose from many different varieties of slate roofs today. Expect to pay more for this type of roof, but it will add to the value of your home.
Clay roofs are also very popular in areas such as California, Florida, Nevada and other warm states. They hold up very well in the hot weather and also look attractive. You will not see ordinary shingle made from composite materials in these states as they would melt in the hot sun and not work well with the roof.
Tile roofs are also very well liked in hot states. Tile roofs can be seen in the Southwest areas as well as in some upscale neighborhoods all over the United States. They have a remarkable endurance when it comes to withstanding bad weather.
Wood shingles are created for more traditional style homes. They are made from treated wood and hold up in four season states where the weather does not get to the extreme. They are very attractive and many people are choosing wooden shingles today for their homes.
Most people, however, have shingles that are made of a composite of tar and sheet rock. There are different quality types of these shingles. Hallmark shingles look almost like a slate roof and are the top of the line when it comes to ordinary roof shingles. Hallmark shingles will generally cost you more money, but will add to the appeal of the home.
Ordinary shingles are what most people will get when they order a roof. These are put over tar paper and then nailed into the roof. The roof is made of wood and then covered with tar paper. After that come the shingles. The shingles overlap so that no water gets in to leak into the roof. Every 10 years or so, you should get a new roof. You can put shingles on top of an old roof up to three times, but after that, you must remove the shingles and put on an entire new roof.
Clothing performs important social and cultural functions. A uniform, for example, may identify civil authority figures, such as police and army personnel, or it may identify team, group or political affiliations. In many societies, norms about clothing reflect standards of modesty, religion, gender, and social status. Clothing may also function as a form of adornment and an expression of personal taste or style. In most cultures, gender differentiation of clothing is considered appropriate for men and women. The differences are in styles, colors and fabrics. In some cultures, sumptuary laws regulate what men and women are required to wear. In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. Religious clothing might be considered a special case of occupational clothing. Sometimes it is worn only during the performance of religious ceremonies. However, it may also be worn everyday as a marker for special religious status. I have tried sewing blouse and skirt. It was very best topics because of it I was able to make blouse and skirt for my girlfriend and she like. It is an additional points for me to her.
Handicraft is an amazing subject, for it show/ tell how to recycle and be creative using only our bare hands. In handicraft I have encounter wonderful things, such as making pots, crochet, candle making, origami, macrame, jewelry making, and many more. In HANDICRAFT my very best project is MACRAME KNOTS making. Macrame knots are rope ties. This are the knots name; square knot, cross knot, Japanese knot, gourmand knot, overhand knot, Josephine knot, berry knot, alternating knot half hitch, double half hitch and many more. To make a macrame knot you should have CHORDS with 2 different color if you want your knot to have design or you can simple use rope. In our class we only use chords because we can easily manipulate it's flexibility.
When we were still first year our very first major is cooking. Among all the foods we've cooked my favorite is LUMPIA SHANGHAI. Above is a little show on how to make/ cook LUMPIA SHANGHAI. Below is the complete ingredients and procedures of LUMPIA SHANGHAI.
LUMPIA SHANGHAI
Ingredients:
1/4 kilo ground pork
1/4 kilo shrimps, shelled and chopped
2 eggs beaten1 medium sized onion, chopped
1/2 cup singkamas, chopped
1/4 cup green onion leaves, sliced fine
1/8 tsp white pepper
1 tbsp patis
24 lumpia wrappers, cut into halvesoil for deep frying
METHOD
1. Combine ground pork, shrimps, onion, singkamas, onion leaves, pepper, patis and eggs in a bowl. Mix thoroughly to make sure all the spices and seasonings are blended well together.
2. Place about 1 tablespoon of the mixture on a wrapper and shape the mixture into long oblongs.
3. Roll and wrap with both ends sealed securely.4. Heat oil in a pan and deep fat fry the lumpia.
5. Serve with sweet and sour sauce.
Metal works is one tough subject, but for me it wasn't that hard because I am a man with brave hand. Metals works includes binding of metal which is common known as welding. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld.
Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.
Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures. The term covers a wide range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewellery's. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools.
Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.
Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures. The term covers a wide range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewellery's. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools.
In our BASIC ELECTRICITY we have experince how to connect wires and how to make wire connections without being shortcircuit.
Diagram number 1 illustrates an extremely simple circuit. (For the moment, ignore the dotted line and the points A and B). The battery is represented by 4 lines (the longer line being positive and the shorter one negative). Starting from the negative end of the battery, electrons "circle" through one wire, pass through the light bulb, pass through the other wire and then return to the battery thereby completing the circuit. See? Quite simple.
This is all well and good but there are 2 drawbacks to this circuit 1) the light always stays on and 2) the power is constantly being used. How can we turn the light bulb 'off'? Well, we could unscrew the bulb from the socket but in the real world this is very inconvenient. (Light bulbs are inside fixtures, on ceilings and so on). Perhaps we could disconnect the power at the source. This too is very inconvenient. You would have to go down to your basement to shut the power off. Or - much more dangerous - you would have to disconnect the electrical supply wire before it reaches the light socket.
Is there a safe way to interrupt the electron flow without physically touching the wire? Sure. It is called a SWITCH !!!
The inside of a typical household wall switch has a strip of metal (B), making contact with point 'A', completing the circuit and thereby conducting electricity to the light. This would obviously be the 'ON' position. When the insulated lever is moved down to the 'OFF' position, it pushes the metal strip away from point 'A', breaking the circuit and turning the light 'OFF'.
This type of switch (having a lever which "flips" it on and off) is called a toggle switch.
Referring to Diagram 2, the wiring is very similar to Diagram 1 except a switch has been added. Compare this to the Typical Household Light Switch diagram. Pretty much the same principle at work wouldn't you say? This type of switch is a Single Pole Single Throw (or SPST). This means that it controls one wire (pole) and it makes 1 connection (a throw). Yes, this is an on/off switch, but a 'throw' only counts when a connection is made. 'Off' is not considered a 'throw'. Also notice that only 1 wire has to be switched. (Following the circuit from one end of the battery to the other you can see why this is so).
As it is, this circuit alone could be your science project. A variation could be substituting a push-button switch and putting a 'buzzer' or 'doorbell' where the light is. Now you have a good demonstration of how a doorbell is wired. Pushbutton switches are usually "momentary on"."momentary off" pushbutton switches, but using one in a doorbell circuit would mean the bell would be constantly on until someone pressed the button. Impractical don't you think? That is to say the connection is made only when you press the button. There are "momentary off" pushbutton switches, but using one in a doorbell circuit would mean the bell would be constantly on until someone pressed the button. Impractical don't you think?
On our BASIC ELECTRONICS subject my best project is on AUDIO AMPLIFIER. An audio amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power audio signals (signals composed primarily of frequencies between 20 - 20 000 Hz, the human range of hearing) to a level suitable for driving loudspeakers and is the final stage in a typical audio playback chain.
Simple LM386 Audio Amplifier
This simple amplifier shows the LM386 in a high-gain configuration (A = 200). For a maximum gain of only 20, leave out the 10 uF connected from pin 1 to pin 8. Maximum gains between 20 and 200 may be realized by adding a selected resistor in series with the same 10 uF capacitor. The 10k potentiometer will give the amplifier a variable gain from zero up to the maximum.
Computer Audio Booster
Here is a simple amplifier for boosting the audio level from low-power sound cards or other audio sources driving small speakers like toys or small transistor radios. The circuit will deliver about 2 watts as shown. The parts are not critical and substitutions will usually work. The two 2.2 ohm resistors may be replaced with one 3.9 ohm resistor in either emitter.
In our major BAKING we have baked breads, cookies, muffins, pies and cakes. We have experience making icing and gum paste, but in bakibg I'm best in making a BUTTER CAKE. A butter cake is a cake in which one of the main ingredients is butter. Butter cakes consist of taking the most basic of ingredients butter, sugar, eggs, flour, and a leavening agent (baking powder or baking soda) and transforming them into a baked good. These cakes are considered one of the quintessential cakes in American baking. They find their origins in the English pound cake, which traditionally used equal parts of butter, flour, sugar, and eggs to produce a heavy, rich cake.
Butter cakes are traditionally made using a creaming method, in which the butter and sugar are first beaten until fluffy to incorporate air into the butter. Eggs are then added gradually, creating an emulsion, followed by alternating portions of wet and dry ingredients. Butter cakes are often considered to be unsurpassed in their richness and moistness when stored at room temperature, but they tend to stiffen, dry out, and lose flavor when refrigerated, making them unsuitable for filling or frosting in advance with ingredients that must be refrigerated, such as cream cheese frosting and pastry cream.
Ingredients
- 1 cup (1/2 lb.) butter, softened (see notes)
- 1 1/2 cups sugar
- 3 large eggs
- 3 large egg yolks
- 1 tablespoon vanilla
- 3 1/4 cups cake flour
- 2 1/2 teaspoons baking powder
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 1 1/4 cups milk
Preparation
1. In a bowl, with a mixer on medium-high speed (use the paddle attachment if using a standing mixer), beat butter and sugar until fluffy and pale yellow, 4 to 5 minutes. Add eggs, then yolks, one at a time, beating well after each addition and scraping down sides of bowl as necessary. Beat in vanilla.
2. In another bowl, mix flour, baking powder, and salt. Stir (or beat at low speed) about a third of the flour mixture into butter mixture. Stir in half the milk just until blended. Stir in another third of the flour mixture, then remaining milk, followed by remaining flour. Scrape batter equally into two buttered and floured 9-inch round cake pans and spread level.
3. Bake in a 350° regular or convection oven until a wooden skewer inserted in the center comes out clean, 25 to 30 minutes. Cool on racks in pans for 10 minutes, then invert cakes onto racks and remove pans. Cool completely before frosting.
Bookbinding is a Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching covers to the resulting text-block.
Origins of the book
The craft of bookbinding originated in India, where religious sutras were copied on to palm leaves (cut into two, lengthwise) with a metal stylus. The leaf was then dried and rubbed with ink, which would form a stain in the wound. The finished leaves were given numbers, and two long twines were threaded through each end through wooden boards. When closed, the excess twine would be wrapped around the boards to protect the leaves of the book. Buddhist monks took the idea through Persia, Afghanistan, and Iran, to China in the first century BC.
Hardcover binding
A hardbound book has rigid covers and is stitched in the spine. Looking from the top of the spine, the book can be seen to consist of a number of signatures bound together. When the book is opened in the middle of a signature, the binding threads are visible. Signatures of hardcover books are typically octavo (a single sheet folded three times), though they may also be folio, quarto, or 16mo. Unusually large and heavy books are sometimes bound with wire.
Methods of hardcover binding
There are a number of methods used to bind hardcover books, from them:
- Oversewing, where the signatures of the book start off as loose pages which are then clamped together. Small vertical holes are punched through the far left-hand edge of each signature, and then the signatures are sewn together with lock-stitches to form the text block. Oversewing is a very strong method of binding and can be done on books up to five inches thick. However, the margins of oversewn books are reduced and the pages will not lie flat when opened.
- Sewing through the fold, where the signatures of the book are folded and stitched through the fold. The signatures are then sewn or glued together at the spine to form a text block. In contrast to the previous method, through-the-fold books have wide margins and can open completely flat. However, the text block of a sewn-through-the-fold book is not very secure, which can cause some signatures to come loose over time. Many varieties of sewing stitches exist, from basic links to complex decorative stitches. While Western books are generally sewn through holes punched along the fold, some Asian bindings, such as the Retchoso or Butterfly Stitch of Japan, use small slits instead of punched holes.
- Double-fan adhesive binding starts off with two signatures of loose pages, which are run over a roller--"fanning" the pages—to apply a thin layer of glue to each page edge. Then the two signatures are perfectly aligned to form a text block, and glue edges of the text block are attached to a piece of cloth lining to form the spine. Double-fan adhesive bound books can open completely flat and have a wide margin. However, certain types of paper do not hold adhesive well, and, with wear and tear, the pages can come loose.
Punch and Bind
Different types of the punch and bind binding include:
- Wire binding is the type of binding that is used for books that will be viewed or read in an office or home type environment. The binding involves the use of a "C" shaped wire spine that is squeezed into a round shape using a wire closing device. Double wire binding has a nice look, allows books to have smooth crossover and is affordable in many colors. This binding is great for annual reports, owners manuals and software manuals. Wire bound books are made of individual sheets, each punched with a line of round or square holes on the binding edge. This type of binding uses either a 3:1 pitch hole pattern with three holes per inch or a 2:1 pitch hole pattern with two holes per inch. The three to one hole pattern is used for smaller books that are up to 9/16" in diameter while the 2:1 pattern is normally used for larger books as the holes are slightly bigger to accommodate slightly thicker, stronger wire. Once punched, the back cover is then placed on to the front cover ready for the wire binding elements (double loop wire) to be inserted. The wire is then placed through the holes. The next step involves the binder holding the book by its pages and inserting the wire into a "closer" which is basically a vise that crimps the wire closed and into its round shape. The back page can then be turned back to its correct position, thus hiding the spine of the book.
- Comb Binding uses a 9/16" pitch rectangular hole pattern punched near the bound edge. A curled plastic "comb" is fed through the slits to hold the sheets together. Comb binding allows a book to be disassembled and reassembled by hand without damage. Comb supplies are typically available in a wide range of colors and diameters. The supplies themselves can be re-used or recycled. In the United States, comb binding is often referred to as 19-ring binding because it uses a total of 19 holes along the 11-inch side of a sheet of paper.
- VeloBind is used to permanently rivet pages together using a plastic strip on the front and back of the document. Sheets for the document are punched with a line of holes near the bound edge. A series of pins attached to a plastic strip called a Comb feeds through the holes to the other side and then goes through another plastic strip called the receiving strip. The excess portion of the pins is cut off and the plastic heat-sealed to create a relatively flat bind method. VeloBind provides a more permanent bind than comb-binding, but is primarily used for business and legal presentations and small publications.
- Spiral binding is the most economical form of mechanical binding when using plastic or metal. It is commonly used for atlases and other publications where it is necessary or desirable to be able to open the publication back on itself without breaking the spine. There are several types but basically it is made by punching holes along the entire length of the spine of the page and winding a wire helix (like a spring) through the holes to provide a fully flexible hinge at the spine. Spiral coil binding uses a number of different hole patterns for binding documents. The most common hole pattern used with this style is 4:1 pitch (4 holes per inch). However, spiral coil spines are also available for use with 3:1 pitch, 5:1 pitch and 0.400-hole patterns.
- Proclick (GBC) is a relatively new binding style that was originally designed for use with a 3:1 pitch wire binding hole pattern. This type of binding uses an element that snaps shut and can be easily opened for editing purposes. The editing abilities of this style make it popular with direct sales organizations and mobile offices.
- ZipBind the binding spines for this style are designed to work with the 9/16" plastic comb binding hole pattern. Like Proclick, Zipbind spines can easily be opened and closed without the need for a binding machine. Thus the addition and deletion of pages is a simple process provided that the pages have already been punched.
Thermally activated binding
Some of the different types of thermally activated binding include:
- Perfect binding is often used, and gives a result similar to paperback books. They usually consist of various sections with a cover made from heavier paper, glued together at the spine with a strong flexible glue. The sections are rough-cut in the back to make them absorb the hot glue. The other three sides are then face trimmed. This is what allows the magazine or paperback book to be opened
- Thermal Binding uses a one piece cover with glue down the spine to quickly and easily bind documents without the need for punching. Individuals usually purchase "thermal covers" or "therm-a-bind covers" which are usually made to fit a standard size sheet of paper and come with a glue channel down the spine. The paper is placed in the cover, heated in a machine (basically a griddle), and when the glue cools, it adheres the paper to the spine. Thermal glue strips can also be purchased separately for individuals that wish to use customized/original covers.
- A cardboard article looks like a hardbound book at first sight, but it is really a paperback with hard covers. Many books that are sold as hardcover are actually of this type. This type of document is usually bound with thermal adhesive glue using a perfect binding machine.
- Tape Binding refers to a system that wraps and glues a piece of tape around the base of the document. A tape binding machine such as the Powis Parker Fastback or Standard Accubind system will usually be used to complete the binding process and to activate the thermal adhesive on the glue strip. However, some users also refer to Tape Binding as the process of adding a colored tape to the edge of a mechanically fastened (stapled or stitched) document.
- Unibind is a variety of thermal binding that uses a special steel channel with resin rather than glue inside of it to give it a more sturdy bind to hold the pages in place. Unibind can be used to bind soft covered documents with a look that is similar to perfect binding. It can also be used for binding hardcover books and photo books. Like Thermal Binding, unibind usually requires you to purchase a one piece coverset to bind your documents. However, Unibind also offers SteelBack spines that allow you to use your own covers in the binding process. The majority of Unibinds covers can be printed on as well to give documents a unique finish.
Stitched or Sewn Binding
Types of stitched or sewn bindings:
- A sewn book is constructed in the same way as a hardbound book, except that it lacks the hard covers. The binding is as durable as that of a hardbound book.
- Stapling through the centerfold, also called saddle-stitching, joins a set of nested folios into a single magazine issue; most American comic books are well-known examples of this type.
- Magazines are considered more ephemeral than books, and less durable means of binding them are usual. In general, the cover papers of magazines will be the same as the inner pages (self-cover) or only slightly heavier (soft cover). Most magazines are stapled or saddle-stitched; however, some are bound with perfect binding and use thermally activated adhesive.
Modern hand binding by hand can be seen as two closely allied fields: the creation of new bindings, and the repair of existing bindings. Bookbinders are often active in both fields.
Oblique drawings are designed to s how a three dimensional view of an object. It is a kind of a drawing that shows one face of t he object in true shape, but the other faces on a distorted angle. Oblique is not really a '3D' system but a 2 dimensional view of an object with 'forced depth'.
Oblique drawing is the crudest '3D' drawing method but the easiest to master. Oblique is not really a '3D' system but a 2 dimensional view of an object with 'forced depth'.
When using oblique the side of the object you are looking at is drawn in two dimensions, i.e. flat. The other sides are drawn in at 45 degrees but instead of drawing the sides full size they are only drawn with half the depth creating 'forced depth' adding an element of realism to the object.Even with this 'forced depth', oblique drawings look very unconvincing to the eye. For this reason oblique is rarely used by professional designer and engineers.
A Simple Guide to Dimensions
With the left side of the block composed solely of "radiuses" (radii) -
This means that it is not really required.
Somewhere on the paper, usually the bottom, there should be placed information on what measuring system is being used (e.g. inches and millimetres) and also the scale of the draw
ing.
This drawing (shown to the left) is symmetric about the horizontal centre-
Drawing dimensions should generally be done directly to the centre-
can be clearer than just dimensioning
between surfaces.Note again that the measurements show only numbers. The statement at the bottom of the drawing identifies that these numbers are the dimensions in Millimetres.
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